Perfume+HISTS+and+SOCS

 Historians sometimes specifically define the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution with an emphasis on directly interconnected events.  **-caused an economic crisis in France - wars - drove the Huguenots out, who were the majority of the skilled workers __World History__. by Holt
 * __Time Period __**
 * Louis XIV

The 18th century of enormous economic, social, intellectual and political transformation produced two important literary and philosophical movements: The Lumières, who questioned all existing institutions, including the church and state, and applied rationalism and scientific analysis to society; and a very different movement, which emerged in reaction to the first movement; the beginnings of Romanticism, which exalted the role of emotion in art and life.  **- began in 1789 with the meeting of the Sates General in May. - July 17, 1789 Bastille was stromed. - In october 1789, Loius XVI and the Royal family were removed from Versailles to Paris. - 1792 the king was executed. - Jan 1793 the revolutionary government declared war on Britain, a war for world dominion which had been carried on, with short intermissions and which would continue for another 22 years. [|www.victorianweb.org/history/hist7.html]
 * Revolution

 ·  In Europe, the eighteenth century was a period of intellectual, social, and political ferment. This time is often referred to as the Age of Enlightenment, for it was in the 18th century that the ideas of the previous 100 years were implemented on a broad scale.  ·  For the first time, science became a central piece of public discourse. Until then, much of what is now considered scientific inquiry was pursued by a relatively small group of academics whose writings did not enjoy widespread circulation.  ·  Beginning in the late 17th century, there was a twofold development in academia that would bring about a rapid democratization of scientific knowledge. The first of these is the foundation of the Paris Academy and the Royal Society of London, two institutions whose primary purpose was to do scientific research and report their conclusions to the public. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The second major development in academic life was the rise of scientific journals. These publications were often produced by the academies themselves (e.g., London's Philosophical Transactions and Paris' Mémoires), though a fair number were produced independently <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">- reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority - greater rights and liberties for common people based on self-governance, natural rights, natural law, central emphasis on liberty, individual rights, reason, common sense, and the principles of deism (belief in the existence of a supreme being who does NOT interfere with humankind) - marks an era of rational human discourse, freedom of religion, liberty, scientific advancement, and modernity - Voltaire: French philosopher and writer who believed in the defense of civil liberties such as freedom of religion and free trade and considered himself a deist - Jean Jacques Rousseau: major philosopher, writer composer whose works political philosophy influenced the French Revolution and the development of modern political thought - Dennis Dedirot: French philosopher and writer who was credited with creating the first real encyclopedia <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> http://www.answers.com/topic/age-of-enlightenment http://www.answers.com/Diderot http://www.answers.com/Rousseau http://www.answers.com/Voltaire <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">- The Age of Enlightenment is often referred to as the Age of Reason due to the fact that rationality was advocated during this period of time -book makes France still seem dirty and the people unreasonable even though it takes place during the enlightenment. - France experienced eight years of economic prosperity - Philosophical spirit began to rise in cafes and salons - Bourgeoisie became financial elite (and political elite after French revolution) and the monarchy's power began to erode - Philosophers mentioned in perfume: Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Age of Enlightenment **

**__<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Perfumery __** During the eighteenth century, there was a revolutionary advance in the way that perfumes were created primarily because of the introduction of eau de Cologne. The eau de Cologne possessed a refreshing blend of neroli, lemon, rosemary and bergamot, which were used in many different ways. It was mixed with wine, diluted in bath water, used as mouthwash, eaten while on a sugar lump, used as an enema, used as an ingredient for poultice and it was injected directly. The variety of perfume containers that were used during the eighteenth century was as abundant as the fragrances and their individual uses. In France, in seventeen sixty five at the introduction of the Baccarat Factory, the glass became increasingly popular. Just like with the arts and industry, during the nineteenth century, perfume underwent a profound change. The changes that took place with individual taste and the development of modern chemistry are what laid the foundation for perfumery just as we know it today. http://www.beauty-makeup-tips.org/Fashion/Perfumes/Perfume-Boxes.htm <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> **<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">-started in high middle ages -it is organizations of craftsmen and each craft guild had their own laws. -purpose of the guild was to make sure its members produced high quality goods and were treated fairly. -they fixed prices wages, and limited the hours during which merchandise could be sold. -guilds also ensured that new crafters were properly trained. -apprentice, journeyman, master
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The Eighteenth Century perfume making **<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Guilds

www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/middleages/guilds.html

**Perfumed Gloves** During the 16th and 17th centuries strong perfumes substituted personal hygiene. In this era, definition of clean was to perfume the entire body with powders, ointments, oils and aromatic waters. With the release of gloves in France in the 17th century, the French were overwhelmed and the perfume industry was quickly establishe, being Paris the main headquarters. The 18th century brought sweeter and softer perfumes. Not even the French Revolution put a halt to the perfume industry.

http://perfumeinspiration.com/articles/history-of-perfume <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• The 7 Years War was fought between 1756-63 • Was fought in Germany and central Europe between Prussia and a coalition headed by Austria, France, and Russia and was also fought overseas between Britain and France • In Europe Prussia and Russia were established as great powers, while in the colonies, Britain overwhelmingly defeated the two leading Bourbon monarchies and secured a dominant position by 1763 • The principal loser in both struggles was France, whose standing as the leading continental power was destroyed for a generation and would only be restored by the armies of the French Revolution during the 1790s. • The war arose out of Austria's attempt to win back the rich province of Silesia, taken by Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession. • Early victories by Frederick II the Great in Saxony and Bohemia (1756 – 58) were offset by a decisive Prussian defeat by Austria and Russia near Frankfurt (1759). After inconclusive fighting in 1760 – 61, Frederick concluded a peace with Russia (1762) and drove the Austrians from Silesia. • The European conflict was settled with the Treaty of Hubertusburg, by which Frederick confirmed Prussia's stature as a major European power. http://www.answers.com/7%20years%20war
 * __War__**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">War on the Balearic Islands -Initially conquered in 13th century by Christians. -Flourished as Catalan colonies declined due to isolation from mainland and pirate raids. -Occupied by Bourbons following conclusion of War of the Spanish Succesion.

[|http://spainlife.org/balearic-islands-history.html] <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> **__<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Lifestyle / Social Behaviors __** <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> **<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">-In stricter situations, practiced by choosing a simple, or even impoverished lifestyle. -Literally takes into practice "For if you live according to the flesh you will die, but if by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the body you will live" -Speculated that practicing self-mortification leads to altered states of consciousness, and spiritual experiences or visions, strengthen bond between body and spirit. [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortification] <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Grasse is the center of the French perfume industry and is known as the world's perfume capital <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">It produces over two-thirds of France's natural aromas <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The perfume industry turns over more than 600 million euros a year. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The town is 350 m above sea level and 20 km from the coast. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Jasmine was brought to southern France by the Moors in the 16th century. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Twenty-seven tons of jasmine are now harvested in Grasse every year. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasse#Perfume <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">During 18th century in France woman roles began to change. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Domestic life began to change as well. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">people began to search for their own marriage partners. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The church was losing trust from the parliament <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">too many bishops were reported to be in the capital. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> [|http://onlineessays.com/essays/history/his276.php] [|http://www.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/ac/churchfr.htm] <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Grasse has been a perfume capital since the 1700s, the region around it first began the business of perfumery when moorish merchants from Spain intorduced the jasmine flower to southern France in the 1500s. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Richis “possessed latifundia not only in the area of Grasse, where he planted oranges, oil, wheat, and hemp, but also near Vence and over toward Antibes, where he leased out his farms (199-200)”. Latifundia are large ancient agricultural estate that used a large number of peasants or slave laborers. It was a display of Richis’ high social status and immense wealth. [|http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/331650/latifundium]
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Self-Mortification
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Grasse **<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">

<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> **__<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Law __** <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">- The severe punishments for such small crimes was to make the townspeople happier and to maintain social order by using criminals as examples of the repercussions of breaking the law. ( http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/execution/readings/history.html  )

<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> http://math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/historica/eighteenth.html <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">In Europe, the number of capital offenses continually increased until the 1700's when 222 crimes were punishable by death. These crimes included stealing from a house, stealing from a shop the value of five shillings, cutting down a tree, and counterfeiting tax stamps. Punishments were great while the crimes were not. In the beginning of the 1800's, capital offenses were lessened. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The severe punishments for such small crimes was to make the townspeople happier and to maintain social order by using criminals as examples of the repercussions of breaking the law. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Age of Enlightenment brought new ideas; people started to doubt the church, turn away from religion. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/execution/readings/history.html <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">There were multiple ways of enforcing capital punishment in France during the period that was described in the novel, including decapitation with the sword or axe, the Pendaison (hanging), the Bûcher (burning) for the heretics and other methods depending on the crime and the condition of the condemned. [|http://www.speedylook.com/Capital_punishment_in_France.html] <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> **__<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Geography __** <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Cantal -South-central department of France -Named after Cantal mountain range, group of extinct, eroded volcanic peaks -Highest point is Plomb du Cantal (the mountain where Grenouille was), 1858 meters. [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantal]

Le Havre "took several weeks to float high above the Seine from Paris to Le Havre" P. 111 -City in northwest France -On right bank of the mouth of Seine river -Means "the harbor" -On Novemer 19, 1793, changed name to Havre de Marat and later Havre-Marat, in honor of Jean-Paul Marat, Seen as martry of the Revolution.

[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre] “The Massif Central is the most rugged and geologically diverse region within France.” http://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/massif_central.jsp The volcano Cantal is a dormant volcano and has not erupted for 2 million years. http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u= http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monts_du_Cantal&ei=-c2aSfGDM5WukAXb-pC3Cw&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DPlomb%2Bde%2Bcantal%2Beruption%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26newwindow%3D1 <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">